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Ellen and William Craft
Ellen Craft (1826–1891) and William Craft (September 25, 1824 – January 29, 1900)〔Ancestry.com. South Carolina, Death Records, 1821-1955 (on-line ). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original data: South Carolina. South Carolina death records. Columbia, SC, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History.〕 were slaves from Macon, Georgia in the United States who escaped to the North in December 1848 by traveling openly by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on Christmas Day. She posed as a white male planter and he as her personal servant. Their daring escape was widely publicized, making them among the most famous of fugitive slaves. Abolitionists featured them in public lectures to gain support in the struggle to end the institution. As the light-skinned mixed-race daughter of a mulatto slave and her white master, Ellen Craft used her appearance to pass as a white man, dressed in appropriate clothing.
Threatened by slave catchers in Boston after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Crafts escaped to England, where they lived for nearly two decades and reared five children. The Crafts lectured publicly about their escape. In 1860 they published a written account, ''Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery''. One of the most compelling of the many slave narratives published before the American Civil War, their book reached wide audiences in Great Britain and the United States. After their return to the US in 1868, the Crafts opened an agricultural school for freedmen's children in Georgia and worked the farm until 1890. Their account was reprinted in the United States in 1999, with both the Crafts credited as authors, and it is available online at Project Gutenberg and the University of Virginia.
==Early life==
Ellen Craft was born in 1826 in Clinton, Georgia to Maria, a mixed-race slave, and her wealthy planter master, Major James Smith. At least three-quarters European by ancestry, Ellen was very fair and resembled other children in her master's family, to whom she was a half-sister. Smith's wife gave the 11-year-old slave Ellen as a wedding gift to her daughter Eliza Cromwell Smith to get the girl out of the household and remove the evidence of her husband's infidelity. Ellen was taken to the city of Macon after Eliza Smith married Dr. Robert Collins.〔(Barbara McCaskill, "Ellen Craft: The Fugitive Who Fled as a Planter" ), ''Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times'', ed. Anne Short Chirhart, Betty Wood, University of Georgia Press, 2009, p. 85, accessed 9 March 2011〕 Ellen grew up as a house servant to Eliza, which gave her privileged access to information about the area. William was born in Macon Georgia where he met his future wife at the age of 16 when his first master sold him to settle gambling debts. Before he was sold he witnessed his 14-year-old sister and both of his parents being sold separately. William's new master apprenticed him as a carpenter in order to earn money from his labor.
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